Antibiotics

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What is Antibiotics?

Antibiotics are powerful, lifesaving medications that treat bacterial infections like strep throat and urinary tract infections. But they're not for every sickness, and they can cause side effects like diarrhea. Learning when you need antibiotics and how to take them properly can help you benefit from these medications with the least risk.

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Benefits of Antibiotics

Antibiotics fight bacteria that cause strep throat and ear, sinus and urinary infections. They do not work for the flu, colds, coughs and sore throats. Consult with your doctor about your symptoms, which can help determine the origin of your illness. Ask your doctor about the benefits and drawbacks of taking antibiotics for your diagnosis.
Pros of taking antibiotics:
● Antibiotics can slow the growth of and kill many types of infection.
● In some cases, such as before surgery, antibiotics can prevent infection from occurring.
● Antibiotics are fast-acting; some will begin working within a few hours.
● They are easy to take: Most antibiotics are oral medications. Your doctor may decide to give you an injection, if it is imperative that the medicine gets into your system quickly.

What Do Antibiotics Treat?

Antibiotics only treat certain bacterial infections, such as strep throat, urinary tract infections, and E. coli.

You may not need to take antibiotics for some bacterial infections. For example, you might not need them for many sinus infections or some ear infections. Taking antibiotics when they're not needed won't help you, and they can have side effects. Your health care provider can decide the best treatment for you when you're sick. Don't ask your provider to prescribe an antibiotic for you.

When Are Antibiotics Needed?

This complicated question, which should be answered by your healthcare provider, depends on the specific diagnosis. For example, there are several types of ear infections—most need antibiotics, but some do not. Most cases of sore throat are caused by viruses. One kind, strep throat, diagnosed by a lab test, needs antibiotics.

Common viral infections, like coughs or a cold, can sometimes become complicated and a bacterial infection can develop. However, treating viral infections with antibiotics in order to prevent bacterial infections is not recommended because of the risk of causing bacterial resistance:
● Remember that antibiotics do not work against viral colds and the flu, and that unnecessary antibiotics can be harmful.
● Talk with your healthcare provider about antibiotics and find out about the differences between viruses and bacteria, and when antibiotics should and should not be used.
● If your child receives an antibiotic, be sure to give it exactly as prescribed to decrease the development of resistant bacteria. Have your child finish the entire prescription. Don't stop when the symptoms of infection go away.
● Never save the left over antibiotics to use "just in case." This practice can also lead to bacterial resistance.
● Do not share your antibiotics with someone else or take an antibiotic that was prescribed for someone else.
● Antibiotic resistance is a problem in both children and adults.

Remember that taking antibiotics appropriately and making sure your child receives the proper immunizations will help prevent having to take more dangerous and more costly medicines. Talk with your healthcare provider for more information.

How to Use Antibiotics?

People usually take antibiotics by mouth. However, doctors can administer them by injection or apply them directly to the part of the body with infection.

Most antibiotics can start working within a few hours. Doctors advise people to complete the whole course of medication to prevent the return of the infection.

Stopping the medication before the course has finished increases the risk that the bacteria will become resistant to future treatments. The ones that survive will have had some exposure to the antibiotic and may consequently develop resistance to it.

An individual needs to complete the course of antibiotic treatment even after they notice an improvement in symptoms.

Doctors and the leaflet provided with the drug provide specific instructions on how to take the medication correctly.

People can follow some tips for using antibioticsTrusted Source effectively, such as:
● Avoiding alcohol when using metronidazole.
● Avoiding dairy products when taking tetracyclines, as these might disrupt the absorption of the medication.
● Taking the medication at the same time, or at set times in the day — this depends on how many times a day a person needs to take the drug.

Types of Antibiotics

There are hundreds of different types of antibiotics, but most of them can be classified into 6 groups.

Penicillins (such as penicillin, amoxicillin, co-Amoxiclav, flucloxacillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin) – widely used to treat a variety of infections, including skin infections, chest infections and urinary tract infections.

Cephalosporins (such as cefalexin) – Used to treat a wide range of infections, but some are also effective for treating more serious infections, such as sepsis and meningitis.

Aminoglycosides (such as gentamicin and tobramycin) – Tend to only be used in hospital to treat very serious illnesses such as sepsis, as they can cause serious side effects, including hearing loss and kidney damage; they're usually given by injection, but may be given as drops for some ear or eye infections.

Tetracyclines (such as tetracycline, doxycycline and lymecycline) – Can be used to treat a wide range of infections, but are commonly used to treat acne and a skin condition called rosacea.

Macrolides (such as azithromycin, erythromycin and clarithromycin) – Can be particularly useful for treating lung and chest infections, or as an alternative for people with a penicillin allergy, or to treat penicillin-resistant strains of bacteria.

Fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) – Are broad-spectrum antibiotics that were once used to treat a wide range of infections, especially respiratory and urinary tract infections; these antibiotics are no longer used routinely because of the risk of serious side effects.

Other antibiotics include chloramphenicol (used for eye and ear infections), fusidic acid (used for skin and eye infections), and nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim (used for urinary tract infections).

How Long Does It Take for Antibiotics to Work?

When you take antibiotics, they start working right away. But how long it takes for you to feel better depends on what kind of infection you have and how bad it is. Usually, you'll start feeling better within a few days, but it might take up to 2 weeks for some infections.

Even if you start feeling better before you finish all your medicine, it's important to keep taking it until it's all gone. This helps make sure all the bacteria are killed off so you don't get sick again.

When Should You Not Use Antibiotics?

You shouldn't take antibiotics for viral infections. Antibiotics target bacteria, not viruses. So, they won't work against conditions like:
● The flu.
● A common cold or runny nose.
● Most instances of bronchitis.
● A sore throat (unless it's strep throat).
● A sinus infection caused by a virus.

You likely don't need antibiotics for some bacterial infections that typically go away on their own. These include:
● Some sinus infections caused by bacteria.
● Some ear infections.
● Your healthcare provider will tell you if you need antibiotics for these common infections.

How Do Antibiotics Work?

Antibiotics work by blocking vital processes in bacteria. They kill the bacteria or stop it from spreading. This helps the body's natural immune system to fight the infection. There are many types of antibiotics. They work against different types of bacteria.

● Some antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. They are called broad spectrum antibiotics (eg, amoxicillin and gentamicin).
● Some antibiotics affect only a few types of bacteria. They are narrow spectrum antibiotics (eg, penicillin).

There are many types of antibiotics. Not all of them work in the same way. For instance, penicillin destroys bacterial cell walls. Other antibiotics can affect the way the cell works.

Doctors choose an antibiotic based on the bacteria that often cause a certain infection. Sometimes your doctor will do a test. This is to identify the exact type of bacteria causing your infection. It also checks how it reacts to certain antibiotics.

How Should I Store My Antibiotics in Hot Weather Conditions?

Most medicines should be stored at room temperature (around 20◦C). Most manufacturers suggest storing antibiotics below 25◦C. It is very important to read the labelling advice with regards to which temperature your antibiotics must be stored under. This is because some antibiotics lose their effectiveness when stored incorrectly and some may change form and become difficult to use.
Take a look at our tips for storing antibiotics in hot weather conditions:
● Not in the bathroom cabinet – bathrooms can be hot and humid, which could affect the stability of antibiotics.
● In the coolest and driest place of your house.
● Away from direct sunlight.
● Kept in original packaging and containers.
● Kept in airtight containers if it's humid.
● In an insulated bag if travelling in a car during hot days.

How Long Are Antibiotics Stable at Room Temperature?

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Ultimate FAQ Guide to Antibiotics

Q: Can antibiotics prevent infection?

A: Antibiotics are sometimes given as a precaution to prevent, rather than treat, an infection. This is called antibiotic prophylaxis. Situations where antibiotics are given as a preventive treatment include:
If you're having an operation.
After a bite or wound that could get infected.
If you have a health problem that means you're at higher risk of infection, such as if you've had your spleen removed or you're having chemotherapy treatment.

Q: How many ways are there to take antibiotics?

A: Antibiotics can be taken in different ways:
Orally (by mouth). This could be pills, capsules, or liquids.
Topically. This might be a cream, spray, or ointment that you put on your skin. It could also be eye ointment, eye drops, or ear drops.
Through an injection or intravenously (IV). This is usually for more serious infections.

Q: What do antibiotics treat?

A: Antibiotics only treat certain bacterial infections, such as strep throat, urinary tract infections, and E. coli.
You may not need to take antibiotics for some bacterial infections. For example, you might not need them for many sinus infections or some ear infections. Taking antibiotics when they're not needed won't help you, and they can have side effects. Your health care provider can decide the best treatment for you when you're sick. Don't ask your provider to prescribe an antibiotic for you.

Q: Do antibiotics treat viral infections?

A: Antibiotics do not work on viral infections. For example, you shouldn't take antibiotics for:
Colds and runny noses, even if the mucus is thick, yellow, or green
Most sore throats (except strep throat).
Flu.
Most cases of bronchitis.

Q: Why is it important to take antibiotics only when they're needed?

A: You should only take antibiotics when they are needed because they can cause side effects and can contribute to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance happens when the bacteria change and become able to resist the effects of an antibiotic. This means that the bacteria continue to grow.

Q: How do I use antibiotics correctly?

A: When you take antibiotics, it is important that you take them responsibly:
Always follow the directions carefully. Finish your medicine even if you feel better. If you stop taking them too soon, some bacteria may survive and re-infect you.
Don't save your antibiotics for later.
Don't share your antibiotic with others.
Don't take antibiotics prescribed for someone else. This may delay the best treatment for you, make you even sicker, or cause side effects.

Q: Are antibiotics only used to treat health problems?

A: Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infections. They're not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu.
Antibiotics should only be prescribed to treat health problems:
That are not serious but are unlikely to clear up without antibiotics – such as acne.
That are not serious but could spread to other people if not promptly treated – such as the skin infection impetigo or the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia.
Where evidence suggests that antibiotics could significantly speed up recovery – such as a kidney infection.
That carry a risk of more serious complications – such as cellulitis or pneumonia.

Q: What are antibiotics used for?

A: Antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infections that:
Are unlikely to clear up without antibiotics.
Could infect others unless treated.
Could take too long to clear without treatment.
Carry a risk of more serious complications.

Q: What antibiotics are not used for?

A: Antibiotics do not work against viral infections. This includes the common cold, flu, most coughs and sore throats.
Antibiotics are not often prescribed for mild bacterial infections. This is because your immune system can usually clear these on it's own.

Q: How to take antibiotics?

A: Antibiotics can be given in different ways, including:
Oral – Tablets, capsules or liquids that treat most mild to moderate infections
Topical – Creams, lotions, sprays or drops that treat skin infections
Injections – Given directly into the blood or muscle for more serious infections

Q: How many common types of antibiotics are there?

A: There are different types of antibiotic. Most can be put into 6 different groups. These are:
Penicillins – Widely used to treat infections including skin infections, chest infections and urinary tract infections (utis).
Cephalosporins – Used to treat more serious infections including septicaemia and meningitis.
Aminoglycosides – Usually only used in hospital to treat very serious illnesses including septicaemia.
Tetracyclines – Commonly used to treat acne and rosacea.
Macrolides – Used to treat lung and chest infections, and as alternative to penicillin.
Fluoroquinolones – Used to treat a wide range of infections.

Q: How do antibiotics work?

A: There are different types of antibiotics, which work in their unique way. However, the two main they work include:
A bactericidal antibiotic, such as penicillin, kills the bacteria. These drugs usually interfere with either the formation of the bacterial cell wall or its cell contents.
A bacteriostatic stops bacteria from multiplying.
It may take a few hours or days after taking the first dose before people feel better or their symptoms improve.

Q: Why is it important to take antibiotics when needed?

A: Experts advise using antibiotics only when they are needed. This is to ensure that the bacteria is killed and is unable to multiply and spread to other parts of the body. Also, antibiotic use can sometimes be associated with side effects and antibiotic resistance.

Q: What are the 10 most common antibiotics?

A: Here are ten examples of common antibiotic types:
Aminoglycosides.
Cephalosporins.
Penicillins.
Monobactams.
Carbapenems.
Fluoroquinolones.
Macrolides.
Sulfonamides.
Tetracyclines.
Trimethoprim.

Q: When it comes to antibiotics, can too much of a good thing be harmful?

A: Antibiotics are powerful drugs that help our bodies ward off diseases caused by bacteria. When used appropriately, they quickly and effectively eliminate infections, causing us to feel better in a matter of days. However, when used to treat other health conditions, antibiotics are not only ineffective but can be harmful to our overall health. According to a growing body of research, the more we take antibiotics to cure bacterial infections, the more our bodies build resistance, which wipes out their effectiveness in making us well.

Q: What should a person avoid while on antibiotics?

A: A person will typically need to avoid drinking alcohol when taking antibiotics. Some medications, such as the contraceptive pill, may also interact with antibiotics. A person's doctor can advise on what a person should avoid during antibiotic treatment.

Q: What happens if you take antibiotics too close together?

A: If a person takes two doses of antibiotics too close together, there may be an increased risk of side effects. These can include symptoms such as diarrhea and stomach pain. Following the instructions on the prescription can help to reduce the risk of side effects in some people.

Q: What are the benefits of antibiotics?

A: Antibiotics have many benefits. They can:
Successfully clear bacterial infections from your body.
Ease your symptoms and help you feel better.
Speed up your recovery.
Stop you from spreading an infection to others.
Protect you from serious illness or complications.
Save your life.

Q: What forms do antibiotics come in?

A: Antibiotics come in several different forms, including:
Oral antibiotics. These are medicines you take by mouth. They may be tablets or capsules that you swallow, or liquids that you drink.
Topical antibiotics. These are medicines you apply on the outside of your body. For example, you may rub a cream or antibiotic ointment onto your skin. Or, you may put antibiotic drops into your eyes or ears to treat certain infections.
Injections and intravenous (IV) antibiotics. A healthcare provider gives you these medicines through an injection into your muscle or an IV in your vein. Providers typically use these forms for more serious infections.

Q: How long do antibiotics stay in your system?

A: Antibiotics typically stay in your system anywhere from a few hours to several days after you stop taking them. Many factors (including the type of antibiotic you're taking, its dosage and your age) can affect the amount of time the drug stays in your system. Talk to your provider to learn more about the specific medication you're taking and how long it'll stay in your body.

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